Generation of Computer

Generation of Computer

Computer Of Generation

Generation of Computer

First Generation of Computers (1942-1955)

The period of the first generation was 1942-1956. This generation computer used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for Central Processing Unit. The two notable machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first-ever commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business – the US Census Bureau. The computers in this generation used machine code as a programming language. These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time. The input was based on punched cards and paper tape. 

ICSE Class X Computer Applications ( Java ) Solved Model Question Papers

ICSE Class X Computer Applications ( Java ) Solved Model Question Papers

ICSE Class X Computer Applications ( Java ) Solved Question Papers

ICSE Class X solved model paper for 2018

Model Paper Solved
Section A (40 Marks)
Attempt all question

Question 1.

a.       Define Encapsulation.

Ans: The wrapping of data and function together into a single unit is called Encapsulation.
b.      Name any two OOP’s principles
Ans: Inheritance and Polymorphism
c.       Define Object with an example.
Ans:  Object: An instance of a class called Object. The table is an instance of class Furniture.
Class: Blue print of an object is called Class. Example, mango, apple, and orange are members of the class fruit.
d.      What is wrapper class? Give example.
e.      A wrapper class is a class that wraps a primitive data type. Example Double, Float, Integer

Three best 10 years books for ICSE exam 2020

Three best 10 years books for ICSE exam 2020


Three best 10 years books for ICSE exam 2018


First Book
ICSE is a very important exam for student’s life. A great number or position will make a great career. So it is important to read and study good books for the examination. ICSE Class 10 students previous read 10 years Question and Answer book. In this regard I strongly recommend ICSE 10 Years Solved Papers Chapter wise Class X for 2018 Examination Superior Publications, it is an awesome book. 

java program for spy number

java program for spy number

java program for spy number

Spy Number program

Write a program to accept a number and check and display whether it is a Spy Number or not.
A Number is spy number if the sum of its digits equals the product of its digits.
 Example : consider the number 1124
 Sum of the digits = 1 + 1 + 2 + 4
 Product of the digits = 1 * 1 * 2 * 4




// ICSE 2017 Question Answer

import java.util.*;
public class SpyNumber
{
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        int no, pro, sum, digit;
        pro = 1;
        sum = 0;
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("Enter a number to check spy number :");
        no = sc.nextInt();
        while(no != 0)
        {
            digit = no % 10;
            pro = pro * digit;
            sum = sum + digit;
            no = no / 10;
        }
        if(sum == pro)
        {
            System.out.println("Spy Number");
        }
        else
        {
            System.out.println("Not Spy Number");
        }
    }
}



Output:
Enter a number to check spy number:
1124
Spy Number
Enter a number to check spy number:
1254
Not Spy Number

Variable Description

Sr. No
Variable / Function
Type
Description
1
no
int
Taking number for spy number checking
2
pro
int
For product of digits
3
sum
int
For summation of digits
4
digit
int
Digit to add pr multiply
5
sc
Object
Scanner class object

More Java Program

circular prime number program in java
Java Program for BinarySearch

Java Program for BinarySearch

Java Program for Binary Search




Java Program for Binary Search


From Wikipedia
In computer science, binary search, also known as half-interval search, logarithmic search, or binary chop, is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array. Binary search compares the target value to the middle element of the array; if they are unequal, the half in which the target cannot lie is eliminated and the search continues for the remaining half until it is successful or the remaining half is empty.
This search method uses low and high positions and matches with the middle element. The array must be in sorted order and low and high positions are changed in order to search the given data(mid = (low + high) / 2. If the given value is less than mid-value then high = mid - 1. If the value is greater then mid-value then low = mid + 1 and if the given value is equal to the mid-value then the search result found and printed.
The time complexity of the above algorithm is O(n).   


Java Program

Binary Search with Number

import java.util.*;
public class BinarySearch
{
    public static void main(String arg[])
    {
        int n[]={1,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,14,15,16};
        int low, high, mid, p=0, l, i, m, f=0;
        l=n.length;
        low=0;
        high=l;
        Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("Enter number to search:");
        m=sc.nextInt();
        while(low<=high)
        {
            
            mid=(low+high)/2;
            if(m<n[mid])
             high=mid-1;
            else if(m>n[mid])
             low=mid+1;
            else if(m==n[mid])
            {
               

                f=1;
                p=mid+1;
                break;
                
            }
        }
        if(f==1)
        {
            System.out.println(m+" is located at "+p);
        }
        else
        {
            System.out.println(m+" is not found");
        }
    }
     
}


Binary Search with String


import java.io.*;
public class BinarySearchWithSorting
{
    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
    {
        String name[] = new String[20];
        String s, t;
        int i,f=0,j;
        int low, high, mid, pos;
        InputStreamReader in=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
        BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(in);
        System.out.println("Enter 20 Names in array:");
        for(i=0;i<20;i++)
        {
            name[i] = br.readLine();
        }
        System.out.println("Enter name to Search:");
        s = br.readLine();
        // Sorting of array
        for(i=0;i<19;i++)
        {
            for(j=0;j<19-i;j++)
            {
                if(name[j].compareTo(name[j+1])>0)
                {
                    t = name[j];
                    name[j] = name[j+1];
                    name[j+1] = t;
                }
            }
        }
        System.out.println("Sorted array:");
        for(i=0;i<20;i++)
        {
            System.out.print(name[i] + " ");
        }
        // Binary Search
        high=20;
        low=0;
        pos=0;
        while(low <= high)
        {
            mid = (low + high) / 2;
            if(s.compareTo(name[mid])<0)
            {
                high = mid - 1;
            }
            else if(s.compareTo(name[mid])>0)
            {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
            else if(s.compareTo(name[mid])==0)
            {
                pos = mid + 1;
                break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println("\n Search result");
        System.out.println(s+" is located at " + pos);
    }

}


Java program for Selection Sort






Wrapper class in Java

Wrapper class in Java

java wrapper class

Wrapper class in Java

According to Wikipedia “In object-oriented programming, a wrapper class is a class that encapsulates types, so that those types can be used to create object instances and methods in another class that needs those types. So a primitive wrapper class is a wrapper class that encapsulates hides or wraps data types from the eight primitive data so that these can be used to create instantiated objects with methods in another class or in other classes. The primitive wrapper classes are found in the Java API.”

The primitive data type must be converted to it’s corresponding wrapper class, because the object is necessary to modify the argument or parameter passed into the method.

Collection framework such ArrayList, Vector store only the objects, not primitive data types so it must be converted to its corresponding wrapper class.


It is a process by which we can convert primitive data types into object types.  Every primitive data type has its own wrapper class.
Primitive Type
Wrapper class
boolean
Boolean
char
Character
byte
Byte
short
Short
int
Integer
long
Long
float
Float
double
Double

All the wrapper class is the subclasses of the abstract number class.

Java data types are primitive by default and sometimes we require to represent as an object so we need to wrap the primitive data type in a class.

class WrapperClassExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        String a = "20";
        String b = "30";
        int f1, f2, result;
        System.out.println("Sum before:"+ a + b); // print 2030 not 50
        f1 = Integer.parseInt(a); // convert String to int type
        f2 = Integer.parseInt(b); // convert String to int type
        result = f1 + f2;
        System.out.println("sum after: " + result); // 50
    }
}

public class Example { 
  public static void main(String[] args) { 
    Integer intEx = 10
    Double doubleEx = 8.87
    Character charEx = 'C'
    System.out.println(intEx);
    System.out.println(doubleEx);
    System.out.println(charEx);
  }
}


Boxing-UnBoxing in Java is used to automatically convert the primitive data types into its corresponding objects.

Sample output
Sum before:2030
sum after: 50

In this program, we try to add a and b it will give 2030 not 50 because “20” and “30” are not integer type. So if need to sum it up then we need to convert String to int type.

Buy some important Computer Books Books 
Java: The Complete Reference by Herbert Schildt
Java: A Beginner's Guide, Sixth Edition by Herbert Schildt
DSSSB TGT, PGT COMPUTER SCIENCE GUIDE-CUM-PWB (E) - 1039 by Think Tank of Kiran Prakashan (Author)
UGC NET/JRF/SET Computer Science and Applications: Paper II & III by Chandresh Shah (Author), Saurab Mishra (Author)



Autoboxing and Unboxing in java

Autoboxing and Unboxing in java

Autoboxing and Unboxing in java example


Autoboxing and Unboxing in java example


Autoboxing: Automatic conversion of primitive types to the object of their corresponding wrapper classes is known as autoboxing. For example – conversion of int to Integer, long to Long, double to Double, etc.
Autoboxing: When primitive data types convert automatically to convert to the wrapper class is know as Autoboxing. For example, byte converts to Byte, int to Integer, double to double, etc.
Auto-Unboxing: When the wrapper class converts automatically to the primitive data types is known as Autoboxing. For example Byte to byte, Integer to int, Long to long, Float to float, Double to double, etc.

This feature of java was added in java 5
public class AutBoxingUnBoxing
{
    public static void main(String args[])
    { 
        //Converting short (Primitive type) into Short (Wrapper class) 
        short a=45;  // assign value to short type
        //converting short into Short Explicitly
        Short b=Short. ValueOf (a);
        Short c=a; //autoboxing, no need to convert explicitly
        short d=c; // auto-unboxing
        System.out.println(a + " " + b + " " + b + " " + d);
    }
Output:
45 45 45 45
Here 45 assign as a short primitive type and convert it into Wrapper class by valueOf() method that is explicit. But Short c=a is automatically converted primitive to Wrapper (Autoboxing)

Advantages of autoboxing and unboxing


·         This feature of java lets developers write cleaner code
·         Automatically convert primitive to the wrapper and vice versa
·         Easier to comprehend and read.

AutoBoxing is very handy when developers are working with java.util.Collection. When we want to create a Collection of primitive types we cannot directly create a Collection of a primitive type, we can create Collection only of Objects. For Example:

ArrayList<int> alist = new ArrayList<int>(); // not supported

ArrayList<Integer> alist = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // supported

Because ArrayList only works for an object. But by autoboxing, it is directly converted to object.
alist.add(20); //auto Boxing (automatically convert primitive to a collection type)

JAVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR BEGINNERS Part1

JAVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR BEGINNERS Part1

CORE JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS


CORE JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS


Q.  What is Java?

It is a general-purpose computer programming language which is fast, secure, simple, architecturally neutral, reliable, portable, and object-oriented. It is built by Sun Microsystem in 1995 which was initiated by James Gosling.

Q. Write any five features of Java.
            Object-oriented 
            Platform Independence 
            Robust Secure  
           Automatic memory management

Q. Why java is platform independent?
It is because Java byte-code is not associated with any particular hardware platform. It can be executed on any machine with JVM.

Q. What is an Object?
The object is an instance of a class. It is the name of any person, place, thing or entity. It must have an identity, state, and behavior.

Q. What is a class?
It is a blueprint of an object. A class may contain data (variables) and modules (method).

Q. What is OOP’s?
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a new way of organizing around objects which represent as an instance of a class and it revolves around Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism.

Q. What is JDK?
It is a collection of various tools that helps in writing and implementing Java program.

Q. What is JVM?
Java Virtual Machine is a piece of software that interprets java bytecode for a particular
platform or we can say a JVM is a program that behaves like a computer.


Q. What is Bytecode?
When the java compiler compiles the java source code, it becomes bytecode. So java bytecode is nothing but java compile code. It is a platform-independent code.
Say Hello.java ร  compile ร  Hello.class (Byte Code) ร  Run in JVM

Q. What is UNICODE?
Unicode is a 2 bytes code international encoding set use to with characters and digit or symbol.



Q. Why Java is ‘Write once and Ran anywhere’?
When java source code compiles it become bytecode and it run everywhere provided JVM is there. That is why it is called ‘Write once and Ran anywhere’.

Q. What is java Tokens?
The smallest individual units in a program are known as tokens.

Q. What are data types?
To identify the type of data involved in an operation is called Data Types. There are two types od data types (primitive or fundamental types) and (non-primitive or reference types)


Q. What are the default values of different primitive types?
byte                 0
short                0
int                    0
long                 0 l
float                 0.0 f
double             0.0 d
boolean           false
char                 null

Q. What is the difference between primitive and nonprimitive (reference) data types in Java?
Primitive Data Type: Primitive means “very basic”. Very basic or Fundamental data types available with java is known as Primitive data types. Examples are byte, char, int, long, float, double etc.
NonPrimitve Data Type: Non-primitive data types or reference are those which uses primitive data type as a base like an array, enum, class, etc.

Q. What is wrapper class?
It is a process by which we can convert primitive data types into object types.  Every primitive data type has a wrapper class. All the wrapper class is the subclasses of the abstract number class.

Primitive Type
Wrapper class
boolean
Boolean
char
Character
byte
Byte
short
Short
int
Integer
long
Long
float
Float
double
Double

Q. What is typecasting?
The process of converting one type of data type into another type is called type casting.

Q. What is Coercion?
Coercion is a type of conversion where data are promoted. It is also known as type promotion. For example, parsing the Java String "60" to the Integer 60 would be coercion.

Q. Define Abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Inheritance.
Abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Inheritance
Abstraction: Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanations.
Polymorphism: It is referred to a programming language's ability to process objects differently depending on their data type or class. More specifically, it is the ability to redefine methods for derived classes. For example, given a base class shape, polymorphism enables the programmer to define different area methods for any number of derived classes, such as circles, rectangles, and triangles. No matter what shape an object is, applying the area method to, it will return the correct results
Encapsulation: The wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit is called Encapsulation.
.Inheritance: It is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of anther class. Different kinds of objects often have a certain amount in common with each other. Mountain bikes, road bikes, and tandem bikes, for example, all share the characteristics of a motorbike. Yet each also defines additional features that make them different: tandem bicycles have two seats and two sets of handlebars; road bikes have drop handlebars; some mountain bikes have an additional chainring, giving them a lower gear ratio.

Q. What are variables? How many types of variables are there in Java?
Variables are places in the memory where we can store data. It has three types. a. A local variable, an Instance variable, and a Class variable.
Local Variable: It is defined within the method and constructor. These variables' visibility remains within the method and constructor.
Instance Variables: Define inside a class. It is available for every instance of the class.
Class variable: when a variable defines with keyword static inside a class is known as the class variable.
All object of the class shares static variables because of only a single copy of these available in the memory.

Q. What is the final variable?
When a variable defines with the final keyword then its value can not be change throughout the whole program.
 Example
class Circle{ 
 final int pi=3.14;//final variable cannot be change 
 double a, r;                
 void area(){
  r = 3.5;            
  a = r*r*pi; 
  System.out.println("Area="+a)
 } 
 public static void main(String args[]){ 
 Circle obj=new  Circle(); 
 obj.area(); 
 } 
}//end of class 

Q. Can the‘ main’ method be declared final?
Yes, the main method can declare as final.
public class Example
{
    public static final void main(String args[])
    {
        int a=6;
        System.out.print((++a)+(a--));
    
    }
}
Q. What is a static variable?
A static variable is shared by all instances of a class. It is also known as a class variable and it is declared with the keyword ‘static’.  Instances (objects) of the same class share a single copy of static variables.
class School
    int rollno; 
    String section;
    String name; 
    static String schoolName ="InspireSkills Edu"; 
    // constructor 
    School(int r, String s, String n){ 
        rollno = r; 
        section = s;
        name = n; 
    } 
    void display ()
    {
        System.out.println(rollno + " " + section + "   " + name + " " + schoolName);
    } 
    public static void main(String args[])
    { 
        School ob1 = new School(1, "A", "Mukesh"); 
        School ob2 = new School(2, "B", "Aryan"); 

        ob1.display(); 
        ob2.display(); 
    } 

Q. What is the static method?
When a method defines with a static keyword before a data type is called a static method.
class  Example
{
            public static void print()
            {
                        System.out.println(“This is a static method”);
            }
}

Q. What is a Garbage collection?
When an object is no longer required, java automatically free the memory space is known as Garbage Collection.

Q. What is the java package?
A java package is a Java language element used to group related classes under a common name. Packages can be nested inside one another. The main package is java in the java language

Q. What is an escape sequence?
The combination of characters is preceded by a code extension. It comes with the backslash (\). For example, \n stands for new line; even though it looks like two characters, Java treats them as one character with an ASCII code of 10. The escape sequence, being a single character, should be put within single quotes.

Escape Sequences
Escape Sequence
Description
\t
Insert a tab in the text at this point.
\b
Insert a backspace in the text at this point.
\n
Insert a new line in the text at this point.
\r
Insert a carriage return in the text at this point.
\f
Insert a form feed in the text at this point.
\'
Insert a single quote character in the text at this point.
\"
Insert a double quote character in the text at this point.
\\
Insert a backslash character in the text at this point.